Commander of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader Essa

The life of Amir Abd el-Kader was set apart by a reiteration of troublesome decisions†inquiries of whether to react to savagery and persecution firmly or feebly, to stay immovable in counter or to give up and, in doing as such, stop pointless passing. Upon closer investigation, the difficulties and choices which faced the Amir are not all that definitely not the same as increasingly current worries of universal intercession or political change. In perusing of the Amir’s life and preceding this, the Ghost Dance of the Lakota individuals and the advancement of the Khalsa in the Sikh religion, there wants to distinguish and isolate strict reactions to experiencing other, similarly real however maybe more apparently political, monetary, or aggressive reactions. This arrangement is helpful for a general public that has, since the edification, become progressively compartmentalized, ever looking to isolate activities and reactions as indicated by their apparent inspirations. Be that as it may, when looking to the life of Abd el-Kader, whose activities frequently appear to oppose such order, it gets hard to see the partitions isolating strict reactions from philanthropic, political, monetary, aggressive, or individual ones as much else generous than helpful and at times, risky fictions. So as to talk about the manners by which Abd el-Kader’s activities convolute ideas of strict reaction, this article will concentrate on two of the Amir’s reactions/activities: the 1847 acquiescence to French powers and the Amir’s mediation to protect Christians living in Damascus in 1860. On the most key levels, the two activities challenge customary ideas in regards to the reason for jihad and the proclamations plot in hadiths; both speak to what appear to be close to home changes in the Amir’s response to non-Muslin oppressors; both exhibit a longing to arrange Muslim conventions and convictions with a world which was rapidly getting more globalized. In the two cases, the activities of the Amir mirror the worries looked by practically all strict networks: Every single strict network face this pressure between strict motivation and strict activity †¦ The grieved waters that should be explored in this worldwide age lie between two shores: Respecting the privilege and truth of strict conviction and inspiration and perceiving the issue of strict activity in the pluralistic... ...s of a profound, individual lament. Despite the inspiration/class of reaction, the Amir’s words mark the decision of a long movement, from the 24-year-old who guaranteed that â€Å"paradise is found in the shadow of the sword.† The movement of Abd el-Kader’s strategy for reaction to the enduring of the Muslim individuals, presents difficulties to the order of strict reaction and the degree to which divisions between strict, political, compassionate, and individual reactions to misery, both for the individual and for the network, can be sensibly decided. While it appears glaringly evident that there are various complex and maybe even opposing inspirations driving a solitary reaction, maybe the more appropriate inquiry to consider, at any rate as far as strict investigations, is the manner in which such arrangements limit or empower the legitimization of the reaction. Works Cited Hell, Paul L. Jihad Revisited.† Journal of Religious Ethics. 32.1 (2004): 95-128. Kiser, John. Administrator of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader. Rhinebeck, New York: Monkfish Book Publishing, 2008. McClatchy, J.D. Jihad. Poetry. 180.6 (September 2002): 311-312. Administrator of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader Essa The life of Amir Abd el-Kader was set apart by a reiteration of troublesome decisions†inquiries of whether to react to brutality and persecution firmly or feebly, to stay relentless in counter or to give up and, in doing as such, stop pointless demise. Upon closer examination, the difficulties and choices which stood up to the Amir are not all that radically not quite the same as progressively present day worries of global intercession or political change. In perusing of the Amir’s life and preceding this, the Ghost Dance of the Lakota individuals and the advancement of the Khalsa in the Sikh religion, there wants to recognize and isolate strict reactions to experiencing other, similarly authentic however maybe more apparently political, financial, or battle ready reactions. This arrangement is helpful for a general public that has, since the edification, become progressively compartmentalized, ever looking to isolate activities and reactions as per their apparent inspira tions. Be that as it may, when looking to the life of Abd el-Kader, whose activities frequently appear to resist such arrangement, it gets hard to see the partitions isolating strict reactions from compassionate, political, monetary, battle ready, or individual ones as much else significant than helpful and sporadically, hazardous fictions. So as to talk about the manners by which Abd el-Kader’s activities convolute ideas of strict reaction, this article will concentrate on two of the Amir’s reactions/activities: the 1847 acquiescence to French powers and the Amir’s intercession to safeguard Christians living in Damascus in 1860. On the most basic levels, the two activities challenge customary ideas in regards to the reason for jihad and the orders illustrated in hadiths; both speak to what appear to be close to home changes in the Amir’s response to non-Muslin oppressors; both exhibit a longing to arrange Muslim conventions and convictions with a world which was rapidly getting more globalized. In the two cases, the activities of the Amir mirror the worries looked by practically all strict networks: Every strict network face this strain between strict motivation and strict activity †¦ The pained waters that should be explored in this worldwide age lie between two shores: Respecting the privilege and truth of strict conviction and inspiration and perceiving the issue of strict activity in the pluralistic... ...s of a profound, individual lament. Notwithstanding the inspiration/classification of reaction, the Amir’s words mark the decision of a long movement, from the 24-year-old who guaranteed that â€Å"paradise is found in the shadow of the sword.† The movement of Abd el-Kader’s strategy for reaction to the enduring of the Muslim individuals, presents difficulties to the arrangement of strict reaction and the degree to which divisions between strict, political, compassionate, and individual reactions to misery, both for the individual and for the network, can be reasonably decided. While it appears glaringly evident that there are various complex and maybe even conflicting inspirations driving a solitary reaction, maybe the more appropriate inquiry to consider, in any event as far as strict investigations, is the manner in which such groupings limit or empower the support of the reaction. Works Cited Hell, Paul L. Jihad Revisited.† Journal of Religious Ethics. 32.1 (2004): 95-128. Kiser, John. Officer of the Faithful: The Life and Times of Emir Abd el-Kader. Rhinebeck, New York: Monkfish Book Publishing, 2008. McClatchy, J.D. Jihad. Poetry. 180.6 (September 2002): 311-312.

Business Writing Production of Australian Companies

Question: Depict about the Business Writing for Production of Australian Companies. Answer: Presentation: Bird valley wellbeing nourishments are an Australian Company that produces solid and natural café which is made of dried products of the soil. For most recent three years, the business has been working in Adelaide. Individuals are currently focusing on solid food and the organization being slanted towards creation of the sound nourishments. Finding and conversation: Corporate Social duty (CSR): Corporate social duty is the strategy by which the organization picks up the monetary just as the social and the ecological methodology. A CSR is the strategy that includes gifts that are given out of the companys continues to include the greener business tasks. The classes of CSR are as per the following: Ecological endeavors: The CSR centers around nature. Business working in the enormous scope is expected to maintain the principles of the corporate social obligation and the organization should search to benefit the general public. Moral work rehearses: The Company can likewise show their corporate social obligation by treating their representatives reasonably and morally. Generosity: Business likewise practice social duty by giving to national and nearby causes (Pawlik and Neumann 2015). Direction from worldwide standards: The most popular rules are the OECD Guidelines for the global companies. The legislature to the organizations gives these rules. The deliberate standards target improving the outside venture atmosphere and upgrade the commitment to the practical advancement that is made by the global enterprises. The rules of OECD require the organizations to add to the monetary, social and the ecological concerns. The rules have the general standards for the organizations that work inside the huge scope (Baumann-Pauly et al. 2013). Standards of CSR are likewise laid in the United Nations Global Compact; it is the arrangement of rules that advances the requirement for the human rights, natural safeguarding and the work rights. Administration perspective on CSR: CSR can likewise be seen as a worldwide administration system. The perspective on the as a worldwide administration component rises up out of the worldwide transnational establishments that grew before in the twentieth century, for example, the United countries, The global work association, the world bank and some more. These foundations and the game plans are intended to make the universal request around the mainstays of the vote based system, regard for the human rights and mulling over the financial turn of events (Wu, Lin, and Lin 2013). Business perspective on CSR: Business pioneers manage the CSR issues with the assistance of the particular business association, for example, the Global Reporting Initiative, the UN Global Compact and the world business board for the reasonable turn of events. Accordingly, CSR are drawn from the idea of the different fields that incorporates the board, morals, brain science, humanism, fund and bookkeeping. For instance, ecological revelations in organization announcing are more common than references to the morals (Patrizia 2012). CSR is the obligation of the association for the effect of its choices and exercises on the general public and the earth through straightforward and the moral conduct that: Adds to the reasonable turn of events Contemplates the perspectives on the investors Consents to pertinent law and steady with the global standards of the conduct (Gupta and Kaur 2013). Reasonable earth cordial bundling: The principle challenge in structuring a bundle is to keep up a harmony among bundling and item, as the fundamental reason for bundling is to spare the item, permit it to reach in unique condition to client and keep them from misfortunes at family, retail and dissemination level. To guarantee practical bundle of item, plan have an extraordinary effect. Supportable bundling must meet the four rules: bundling must be practical for all the clients, it ought to be effective, that is, made of utilizing vitality just as material assets proficiently, ought to be cyclic, that is, ought to have the option to be recouped through characteristic or modern framework and must be protected that implies liberated from poisonous and dirtying material. Plastics are sturdy and adaptable however they are not condition benevolent as theyare made of carbon and different perilous materials. As hawk valley, are utilizing polypropylene for bundling their lunch room, which isn't biodegradable, they ought to consider about the earth and move their bundling material to something, which is condition inviting. The organization can utilize biodegradable, oil safe, warm capable material. One better alternative will be to utilize hard paper or fiber materials to pack their lunch rooms. An alluring fiber box, which is reusable and condition neighborly, will draw in clients. Another choice is to pack in hard paper box with pleasant hues. Paper box may not be reusable however will be condition well disposed and far superior alternative than polypropylene (Oliver-Ortega et al. 2016). Diminishing water utilization: Water is viewed as generally significant and accessible ware in handling of condition, yet as time passing on, feelings have started to change as dry season condition and water contamination emergencies are quickly expanding because of shortage of water. Therefore, cost related with utilization and release of water is expanding quickly. As Eagle valley is creating vitality bars, which require noteworthy measure of water, this is the high time, that they ought to genuinely consider limiting water utilization. To limit the water utilization they should consider exchange approach to save water and increment the wastewater treatment cost. They can introduce a checking framework to watch the wellspring of water, amount of water released and utilization of water per unit. They can likewise introduce water tanks to top it off with water. At every possible opportunity, water weight ought to be decreased to limit lost because of spillage (Cosgrove and Rijsberman 2014). End and proposals: From the above conversations, it very well may be presumed that, to improve the maintainability of business development, Eagle valley wellbeing Foods should actualize CSR to accomplish better an incentive for business. It will assist them with maintaining corporate strategies, asset assignment, records and review procedure, mindfulness and preparing in better and productive way. To make the bundling of their lunch room condition benevolent, they can utilize biodegradable fiber material or paper boxes as opposed to utilizing unsafe polypropylene materials. At long last, to diminish water utilization in café making process, they should build the sum in reusing of wastewater division and screen the water utilization and release of waste water appropriately. Reference: Baumann-Pauly, D., Wickert, C., Spence, L.J. also, Scherer, A.G., 2013. Sorting out corporate social duty in little and huge firms: Size issues. Diary of Business Ethics, 115(4), pp.693-705. Cosgrove, W.J. furthermore, Rijsberman, F.R., 2014. World water vision: making water everyone's business. Routledge. Gupta, G. what's more, Kaur, S., 2013. Manageable Development-Through Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in Times of Economic Slowdown. Siddhant-A Journal of Decision Making, 13(3), pp.203-209. Oliver-Ortega, H., Granda, L.A., Espinach, F.X., Delgado-Aguilar, M., Duran, J. what's more, Mutj, P., 2016. Solidness of bio-based polyamide 11 fortified with softwood stone ground-wood filaments as an option in contrast to polypropylene-glass fiber composites. European Polymer Journal, 84, pp.481-489. Patrizia, G., 2012. Social execution upgrades monetary execution. Advantages from CSR. THE ANNALS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ORADEA, p.112. Pawlik, T. what's more, Neumann, S., 2015. Usage of CSR Aspects in Human Resources Management (HRM) Strategies ofMaritime Supply Chains Main Involved Parties. Wellbeing of Marine Transport: Marine Navigation and Safety of Sea Transportation, p.55. Wu, H., Lin, F. what's more, Lin, S., 2013. The Influence of CSR Communication on company's Socially Responsible Competitiveness-An exploration from the point of view of collaboration. Diary of Convergence Information Technology, 8(10), p.914.

Should I include my ethnicity on the MIT Application

Should I include my ethnicity on the MIT Application As a minority, how many times have you heard some off-handed comment about someone of color getting into college because of their race? The implication, of course, is euphemistically known as affirmative action. You may be hesitant to report your ethnicity because you dont want to be perceived as an Affirmative Action admit. Instead, you want it known that you were admitted on the basis of your merit. So should you report your ethnicity or not? Of course you should! Despite all the stereotypes and rumors to the contrary, being Black, Latino, Native, or any other minority is not enough to get you into any college or university, let alone MIT. So why then do we ask for this information? Simple it helps us to understand who you are in context. Remember, we dont get a chance to meet the vast majority of our applicant pool. We need to capture as much information as possible so that we can make an informed decision. Youll hear me talk a lot about FIT MATCH. Think of your application as you would a giant, complicated jigsaw puzzle. Anyone worth a pound of Harrar coffee (coffee grown in Yemen or Harrar region of Ethiopia) knows the first step to solving the puzzle is connecting the corners and the outside border. Once the puzzle is framed, the remaining pieces are easier to connect. Crafting a class is similar we go into painstaking detail to connect the right pieces. Why is this piece of the puzzle so important? The truth is: ALL PIECES OF THE PUZZLE ARE IMPORTANT! Again, we evaluate each application in context, and the more context we have, the better. Ultimately, it is your choice to decide what to include in your application. Certainly students who dont report their ethnicity get admitted to MIT. If you are that passionate about not reporting the information, dont. But remember, only you can have the pieces to make the puzzle complete.

Essay on An Analysis of Roland Barthes’ Death of the Author

An Analysis of Roland Barthes’ Death of the Author â€Å"The birth of the reader must be at the cost of the death of the Author.† – Roland Barthes Must the Author be dead to make way for the birth of the reader? In Roland Barthes’ essay â€Å"The Death of the Author,† Barthes asserts that the Author is dead because the latter is no longer a part of the deep structure in a particular text. To him, the Author does not create meaning in the text: one cannot explain a text by knowing about the person who wrote it. A text, however, cannot physically exist disconnected from the Author who writes it. Even if the role of the Author is to mix pre-existing signs, it does not follow that the Author-function is dead. Moreover, Barthes†¦show more content†¦This is a common experience shared by many authors. Authors are accountable for their texts because discourse is personalized. If text is indeed disconnected from its author as Barthes believes, why are authors connected to the responsibilities that texts generate? New Criticism, like Barthes’ â€Å"The Death of the Author†, emphasizes th e text as â€Å"an autotelic artefact, unrelated to the author’s life, intent, or history† (Hedges 1997). The author, however, is a sign of authentication and a lexical marker for an idea (Foucault 1629). Many texts – such as scholarly editing and Johnson’s Dictionary – are valued because they are written by named authors (McDermott 1996). Regardless of whom the Author might be or the extent to which the Author reveals himself[1][1], it is the language that â€Å"acts† and â€Å"performs† (Barthes 1467). Thus, according to Barthes, the text – and not the Author – performs within the time and space that the reader engages himself with it. Reader-Response Criticism agrees that literature is a performative art and that a text only exists when it is read (McManus 1998). This is as problematic as the well-known Zen koan: â€Å"If a tree falls in the forest and no one is there to hear it, does it make any sound?† Yes, the falling tree makes a noise, but only to those within the range of recognition. What if a reader reads a text but does not comprehend it? The text continues to perform, but it also signals the death of the reader whoShow MoreRelatedRoland Barthes developed a range of semiotic tools to analyse the cultural meanings1729 Words   |  7 Pages3. Roland Barthes developed a range of semiotic tools to analyse the cultural meanings that are conveyed in advertising images, in a particular context. Using these semiotic tools, select and analyse four magazine adverts. This essay will discuss Roland Barthes’ ideas and his semiotic tools, and will also look at how Barthes uses these tools to analyse images and how they make us think. Roland Barthes was a French philosopher who wrote many books about the literary theory and semiotics. His writingRead MoreDeath of the Author864 Words   |  4 Pages‘Death of the Author’ Analysis Roland Barthes is a French literary philosopher born in 1915. In one of his theories ‘Death of the author’ he argues that by â€Å"giving a text an author is to impose a limit on that text†. He claims that having knowledge of the author’s background and purpose for the text restricts the readers imaginative license to build their own interpretations, and that the author and text are completely unrelated. Barthes declares, The death of the author is the birth of theRead More The Death of the Auteur Essay2920 Words   |  12 Pagesâ€Å"The Death of the Auteur† 2 The concept of ‘author’ is originally derived from the Latin word for authority. From the theoretician’s standpoint, the author carries power over the text only to the extent that the ideas and scenarios within it are originally those of the author. French literary theorist Roland Barthes argues that the function of an author is to provide the semblance of originality and meaning in The Death of the Author. â€Å"Writing is the destruction of every voice, of every originRead MoreThe Stranger By Albert Camus Essay1546 Words   |  7 PagesThe French philosopher Roland Barthes once said, â€Å"Literature is the question minus the answer† (Barthes 2). This statement hold true for most works of literature that explore a central question. According to Barthes, literature often raises a question, but leaves it up to the reader to determine the answer. The Stranger by Albert Camus is an excellent example of how a central question, â€Å"Is there value and meaning to human life?† is raised and left unanswered, resulting in different interpretationsRead MoreModern F. Robert Frost1547 Words   |  7 Pagesscience and language—nor the source of science and language—to be singular, but rather ulterior, double speaking or multiplicitous. In short, Frost believed duplicity or duplicitous interpretations should be drawn out of the reader with the help of the author throu gh the medium of poetic form which, to him, paradoxically eliminates the author’s influence on the reader. A sample of Frost’s multiplicity or multiplicitous form can be extracted from the opening line of one of his last well-known poems â€Å"Directive†Read MoreEssay on Structuralism as a Literary Movement2595 Words   |  11 Pageslinguistics. It expanded to other areas of studies as well by philosophers such as Louis Althusser in Marxist theory, Roland Barthes in literary studies, Jacques Lacan in psychoanalysis, Gerard Genette in narratology, and Claude Levi-Strauss in anthropology. This paper focuses on Strauss’s Structure and Dialectics, Genette’s Five Types of Transtextuality, and Barthes’s The Death of the Author. Also, Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein (1818) is taken as an example to explain these structuralist methods. Read MoreAnalysis Of Dorothy Parker s One Perfect Rose1311 Words   |  6 Pagesthe use of metaphor. The commentary will address these discourses in relation to an adaptation of the original poem into prose, taking into consideration the implications of textual adaptation. This textual intervention will provide the necessary analysis in order gain an understanding of the text which is constituted through experiment and re-creation constituted through reflection . In Dorothy Parker s short poem, One Perfect Rose within the first stanza, the romanticised language depictsRead MoreEssay on Mary Shelleys Frankenstein and Structuralism1899 Words   |  8 Pages   In his essay dated 1968, Roland Barthes sought to convince the individual reader that the author is obsolete; writers only have the capacity to draw upon existing themes (or structures) and reassemble them in a different order. This typically structuralist view completely defies a writers ability to express himself through unique, individual stories leading many to term the approach as anti-humanistic. Barthes clearly drew influence from Northrop Frye, author of Anatomy of Criticism,Read MoreUsing a Fashion Image, Explore the Strengths and Limitations of a Semiotic Analysis.2969 Words   |  12 PagesFASHION MEDIA Using a fashion image, explore the strengths and limitations of a semiotic analysis. Abstract; This essay will aim to elucidate the use of semiotic analysis using fashion iconography and imagery as its primary medium. We will aim to explore the strengths and limitations of semiotic analysis through a process of dissection; where we will explain how imagery has been layered to give voice to what the artist has chosen to communicate, without the use of syntax. Introduction; Read More The Relationship of Photographs, History, and Memory Essay5378 Words   |  22 Pagesprivate uses of photographic images in the perpetuation of memory. Photographs are also manifestations of time and records of experience. Consequently, writings on photographic theory are filled with references to representations of the past. Roland Barthes (1981, 76), for instance, writes about the location of photographs in history and confesses that in Photography I can never deny that the thing has been there. There is a superimposition here: of reality and of the past. He also ponders the

Essay about Unit 4222 258 Sensory Loss - 754 Words

Unit 4222-258 Introductory awareness of sensory loss (SSMU 2.1) Outcome 1 1. There are many different facts that can have a impact on people with sensory loss. Communication and awareness play big roles in the impact. They may find it difficult to feed themselves, dressing and mobility. Hobbies and interests can have negative impact on their lives. They may also feel scared and alone due to this. There can be positive factors that can help out the person such as increased help, aids for support and a good support team could give them a brighter outlook on life. Organizations might help the Deaf and Blind with many different aspects of their life to support or to helping them find the right kind of support. 2. Some steps that can be†¦show more content†¦Outcome 2 1. Sight loss - identify yourself and you need to make it clear that you are speaking to them and not someone else, they cant read your body language so you need to be clear about your meanings and directions etc, a noisy environment can make it difficult for them to concentrate on your voice and so on.Hearing loss - be respectful when trying to get their attention eg use a light touch on the arm, if they lip read they need to see your face, you need to speak clearly at a normal pace and tone, you may need to be patient and repeat things. Deafblindness - some of the above and you need to know the levels of deafness and blindness and their preferred method of communication. 2. Effective communication may have a positive impact on the lives of individuals with sensory loss by affecting their physical and mental well-being and make them cope with their sensory loss and maintaining social contact contributed to an improved quality of life. 3. You could provide information for the deaf in picture form, for the blind, via a cd etc. Outcome 3 1. The main cause of sensory loss is aging, as we age our senses become less and less. 2. Congenital sensory loss meaning we are born with it. Sensory loss can also be caused by an illness or by having an accident. 3. 45% of the population is likely to have sensory loss. Outcome 4 1. Sight loss - Bumping into things, movingShow MoreRelatedEssay about Intoductory Awareness of Sensory Loss1096 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 4222-258 Introductory awareness of sensory loss (SS MU2.1) Outcome 1 When people have any sensory loss, then their mobility and communication are greatly affected. This can lead to increased loneliness and even isolation in some cases. People with any kind of sensory loss can have difficulties in finding employment. Even though the Equality Act and the Disability Discrimination Act mean that employers cannot discriminate, it is hard to convince an employer that a sensory loss does notRead MoreAnswer In Unit 4222 2581950 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Answer in Unit 4222-258 Introductory awareness of sensory loss Outcome 1 1. Describe how a range of factors have a negative and positive impact on individuals with sensory loss In sensory loss (touch/ mobility, vision, hearing) can have a big impact to an individual like for example in mobility, the person can not feed or dress himself, or can not participate in an activity and worst if he can not attend to his personal daily living. Another is eyesight or vision, the person who suffers from

Jazz Heritage/The Roots of Jazz Free Essays

Africa is the home of jazz, which spread to Europe and all throughout America. Today’s jazz music is influenced by the different countries mentioned. There are musical traditions and cultural traditions coming from Africa, Europe and America which contributed to the sound of jazz today. We will write a custom essay sample on Jazz Heritage/The Roots of Jazz or any similar topic only for you Order Now As jazz developed, it was centered in New Orleans (Yurochko 3). To better understand why jazz sounds the way it does today, it is best to examine its roots one by one, country by country. Africa The life in Africa is centered around the tribe. All its members participate in Every activity, function and ritual in the tribe. African tribes were highly interactive and participatory because all of its members always found a way to contribute and cooperate and common gatherings and functions (Yurochko 3). From this, it can be inferred that the musical activities of the tribe were also interactive and participatory. Because of these characteristics, the music they created was full of dynamics. No single member of the African tribe just sat down. No one just listened. All of them were tied to everything that was happening in the tribe. As a result, music was functional as it was properly suited to all the activities and events in the tribe (Bjorn and Gallert 178). What was unique in Africa was how people listened to music. In this country, one cannot find a single concert hall. Everybody gathered themselves in just one area to listen to music. Listening to music was a significant part of the tribe’s lives. In Africa, there were different types of sounds fit for different types of occasions. There was music for marriage, death and births. There was music even for chopping down a tree, or clearing out a path. What music was to Africans was a social glue that united all members of the tribe together (Yurochko 3). Meanwhile, the characteristics of African music can explain why jazz music rooted from Africa. African music makes the body perform. It means that the music alone involves the body by making it dance, sway to the beat, clap, and pound a rod on the ground. Apart from the musicians themselves, all members of the audience were also joining the fun. Africa music makes everyone sing, too (Bjorn and Gallert 178). Africans used different musical instruments like aerophones, idiophones and cordophones. The bass sound of the music was mainly acquired from the drum. African music was full of drums which came in different shapes and sizes. The drum was their main instrument which Africans produced from hollowed out logs and gourds. Across the opening of the drum was a stretched animal skin (Bjorn and Gallert 178). What makes jazz so â€Å"African† is its rhythm, since African music is highly characterized by the emphasis on rhythm. Cross rhythms and polyrhythms were made by African drummers, both of which were major contributors to the driving force of jazz or African music (Bjorn and Gallert 178). The beat of jazz and the beat of African music can be demonstrated by creating a single beat, and dividing it into two. The other half should be given two claps to a single beat. The other hand will be given three claps to a single beat. This is a simple polyrhythm compared to how much jazz has developed through time. The basic principle behind jazz beats is two beats against one (Bjorn and Gallert 179). African sound seems unorganized, and this is what jazz is all about. It is because of the more complex polyrhythm found in African music. Each beat of the drum has an already set rhythm. Then again, once this beat is combined with other drums which also have their own set rhythms, then that is where the complicated sound is produced (Bjorn and Gallert 180). Another characteristic of African sound which can be found in jazz music is the pentatonic scale. A pentatonic scale can best be seen in a piano. The scale is defined by five notes, thus the term â€Å"penta†-tonic, with the chords C, D, E, G and A. This musical scale can also be found in the music of Peru, Mexico, Scotland and Japan (Salzman and the American Studies Association 961). In Africa, singers sing and the members of the audience respond. African musicians can also chant a melody, and the rest of the people in the venue react with the type of response already established in the society. In Africa, this is called â€Å"call and response†, which is also highly used in jazz. In jazz, though, the way people respond is different. This can be seen in many churches with people singing jazz praise songs (Salzman and the American Studies Association 961). The characteristics of jazz can be traced back to the African music’s characteristics, too, in which bending tones, falsetto, buzzes in the voice, raspy tones and vocal manipulation can be found. No vocal sound is ever produced. Letting out their feelings and expressing themselves by belting out what and how they were feeling an emotion contributed to the very distinct characteristics of jazz music. The tones were also not organized. As a listener listens to a jazz music, he will mostly find the singer reciting words spontaneously (Henson 48). Europe Europe influenced jazz music through harmony and instrumentation. The harmonies in jazz music are characterized by diatonic scale. Jazz music is highly diatonic, and diatonic, in this case, is an expanded version of the pentatonic scale coming from Africa. Chord progressions from the European or Western sound influenced today’s jazz music. Europe contributed a big part of the instrumentation of jazz. Instruments from Europe used in jazz music are clarinets, trombones and trumpets. Most of the European instruments used gave jazz music its symphonic nature (Henson 48). The birthplace of jazz music is mainly in New Orleans. The people of the city made use of what they were hearing from Africa and Europe, combined the different techniques and various musical styles to technically call the new genre â€Å"jazz† (Henson 48). New Orleans: New Orleans was undeniably successful in giving birth to jazz because of various components. One of these factors is its location. Since New Orleans is located at the tip of the Mississippi River, it was easy for people to bring in jazz to the area. The river made it easy for New Orleans to export music to different parts of the globe, too, which made the music genre jazz, became popular in a very short period of time upon its conception (Brown 74). The Mississippi River was a very important factor in making jazz a popular genre because it has touched various states in America. Several states which were considered areas for slaves contributed in New Orleans’ highly diverse population. Since the city became a busy seaport, it also developed into becoming the gateway to the islands of the Caribbean (Henson 48). It is also important to study the demographics of the people in New Orleans as this is related to the development of jazz. The city is a very unique one because even before it was a state of America, it has been under the flags of France and Spain. When one would visit New Orleans, one would see how diverse the population is because of the different ethnic groups found in the city. Because of the diverse population, there was also a diverse culture. Cultural diversity helped in improving the quality of jazz music (Brown 74). The races inhabiting the city defined jazz music. The different cultures taking place made jazz what it sounds today. Since French people were among those who were occupying New Orleans, the tradition where they allowed males to have their mistresses was a big influence to the music. Several men chose women who were light skinned, and they went for those who had mixed blood. Most of these women were found in the southern part of New Orleans. Because of this, the group of lower class blacks grew and became known to the city (Henson 48). The black creoles were widely accepted in New Orleans, especially by the white society. However, it didn’t stay this way for too long. They received the same privileges and rights from the government. In 1984, a law was passed by the Louisiana Legislature which suggested that people with African blood were labeled as â€Å"Negros†. Because of this, the black creoles were driven away from New Orleans. They had no choice but to join the black culture (Henson 48). The joining of the pure blacks and the black creoles (cross between black and light-skinned) gave birth to the full development of a new music which is now referred to as jazz. Slaves from different parts of the globe who were pushed to the United States possessed nothing but their clothing. Then again, they brought not only clothes in the United States, but music, too. They brought their heritage and culture. They shared their musical practices in the United States, specifically in New Orleans (Brown 74). Because of the struggle of the black culture, New Orleans slowly became identified as the city of refuge for blacks. All freed slaves and escaped slaves fled to New Orleans. They all gathered in Congo Square during Sundays because this was their only chance to be together and celebrate their culture. During these days, they all participated in the African culture where they played drums, sang and danced (Henson 48). New Orleans is then the breeding ground of musical activity. Numerous musical ensembles can be found here, like brass bands, musicales, opera companies and orchestras. Up to this day, there are still musical parties being held in the city. What made jazz sound disorganized and highly syncopated today is the merging of the musical influences of black slave culture and the black creoles. Their different cultures and distinct musical style made jazz sound like it does today. How jazz is being played is merely a result of the amalgamation of different tempos, beats and styles through time. Examples of African musical activities that highly influenced today’s jazz music are rhythmic emphasis, African field holler, interactive music and the call and response ritual. All of these found a space into the style of jazz (Brown 74). How to cite Jazz Heritage/The Roots of Jazz, Papers

Spartan Essay free essay sample

Imagine trying to overpower an army of soldiers, or hoplites, that covers about ten football fields. Imagine the fear you would experience as they rushed at you with their sharp bronze spears. Sparta had one of the most powerful armies of their time and conquered miles upon miles of land with their legions of Spartans. No civilization could surpass the greatness of the Spartan army or navy. They were hopeless against the relentless city-state that was a huge army base. Sparta was one of the most war-sophisticated civilizations known to mankind. Sparta was a city of ancient Greece. It was located in a fertile, mountain -walled valley. With their swords, knives, and spears they would conquer most of Europe. The Spartiates gave themselves wholly to war (Spartan Society,15). They carried swords instead of bibles, and shields instead of baskets. They acquired everything they needed by brute force. Sparta was a war machine who molded strong courageous men out of the strongest boys. We will write a custom essay sample on Spartan Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The boys would be checked at birth to see if he was worthy. If a baby was weak, it would be tossed aside ruthlessly (Sparta Society 10). Sparta had no room for weaklings. At the age of seven, boys started training to join the army. They were trained to endure pain, hunger, and the cold. At age twenty, they joined the army. At age thirty, you acquired full citizenship, but you still had to live in the barracks and eat with warriors. At age sixty, soldiers could retire from the army. Spartan men were usually in the army and women ran the homes and waited for their husbands to comeback from wars. A Spartan hoplite usually carried a sword made of bronze and a shield made of the same alloy. They may also carry spear with a bronze tip and a shield that protected about three-fourths of their body. Spartan generals usually carried a sword encrusted with precious stones, metals, or jewels. Their armor usually consisted of a helmet, chest plate, leg plates, and fore arm plates which were all made of bronze. A Spartan rushed into battle for honor and came home a hero, if he returned at all. One of the best war inventions was the hoplite phalanx. It was, in itself, a formation of soldiers in a rectangle. When a soldier was taken down in front of you, moved up into his spot. This created a defensive wall of hurt on anyone who opposed them. Armies that used this were unbeatable, especially Sparta. Mostly soldiers in this formation carried long spears and shields that was about one meter tall and covered most of their body mass(Corinthian War) The Spartan legions traveled in this formation everywhere they went. The Persian wars were a series of conflicts fought between Greek states and the Persian Empire (Persian Wars). The Persian army was massive. Not only were there many foot soldiers, but their navy was immensely large. It was unmatched by anything the Greeks had. It took most of the states in Greece to defeat Persia. Some states surrendered when Persia invaded them. These states were spared. The others, however, were not given a break from the constant war. One of the most famous battles was at Thermopylae, where the Spartan king Leonidas held off Xerxes’ army. Leonidas brought a small amount of soldiers because for Sparta to survive, a Spartan king must die (â€Å"Peloponnesian War†). This was told to him by an oracle. During the Persian wars, the battle of Marathon was underway. This is when Greece had the first victory of the war. Supposedly, a messenger named Pheidippides ran twenty five miles to Athens to tell of the victory. At the end of the great run, he died. This is why we have marathons. In 479 B. C. , Xerxes was defeated at Plataea by Pausanias, the nephew of king Leonidas. Pausanias was called home to face a charge of treasonable negotiations with Persia (Pausanias). Luckily, he was acquitted of all charges. This happened yet again later on. And the same thing happened. Then he was accused plotting against Sparta. He hid in a temple and was left to starve to death. The Peloponnesian Wars were most likely the most important wars of Sparta. These were wars against Athens, which was probably one of Sparta’s worst enemies. They took place from 431 B. C. to 404 B. C. (Peloponnesian War). There were very many disputes of government. Athens and Sparta battled on land and by sea. There was an armistice between the two, although they kept fighting without an end. Finally, in 422 B. C. , the Spartans won at Amphipolis. This was a major feat for Sparta, as they had just taken out their biggest enemy. One of the most notable Spartan was a naval commander named Lysander. He led an army of Spartans but he fell in the battle of Haliartus. By taking Athens, Sparta took control of the land and enslaved its people. The tremendous wars that Sparta was in were usually a landslide. Sparta was usually outnumbered, and with their military superiority, they came out triumphant. There were many feats that took place during the history of Sparta, but like other civilizations, there was an end. The Corinthian war was an armed conflict between Corinth, Argos, Thebes, and Athens on one side and Sparta on the other (Corinthian War 14). The only way to bring upon the downfall of Sparta was to overwhelm its forces. Through all the fighting and disputes, Sparta had much conquered land. The Spartiates were the only citizens and the only sharers in the land allotments of the lands and of the Helots†¦ (Spartan Society 1). Although the Spartans had a lot of land, there was an excess amount of people in Sparta. Even as they expanded their borders, the overpopulation became worse. It was once said that Helots, the slaves, outnumbered Spartans by as much as ten to one. Sparta also took over many civilizations. Surely Sparta could not control it all. This spread Sparta’s governing power too thin. They also had governors from the different regions they took over. These people usually did not listen to the king and their people would be punished severely. Also, the Helots revolted a few times, but did not prevail. Government also played a part in war. Whoever was ruling was commander of the army. If the ruler was worthy, the army was effective. However, there were many revisions of the Spartan government which tended to make the army less effective. Also, there was a lot of corruption in their government. This caused many disputes within the civilization. Sparta was weakened because its people were now fighting each other. (Spartan Society 4) The Spartan society was different from many others. Since most of the men were at war, women were the people who ran shops and what not. They would produce weapons and armor. Women also owned most of the land in Sparta. If you compare the society to that of Athens, you see major differences in their army. In Sparta, everyone was supposed to do their job. Men were supposed to be in the army, and women do everyday things. However, in Athens, women were to only marry and have children. They were also rarely seen in public. Most of the men were the ones who worked, therefore their army would never be able to be as strong as Sparta’s. A family In Sparta, however, was not very sturdy. The father went to war, the boys were taken at the age of seven, and some newborns would be thrown away. If you had a weak child, it brought shame to your family, so it was best to only have strong Spartans who would someday become heroes (Spartan Society 3). Even the Spartans in the community were strict. They could not eat with their families. They had to belong to a special dining table. They could not have any luxuries such as music, reading, or even talking nice. They spoke short and got to the point. Some people say this is called laconic speaking because the Spartans originated from Laconia. The Corinthian war was the last fought by the Spartans. It started in 395 B. C. and ended in 86 B. C. (Corinthian War 13). Sparta was outnumbered four to one. It was the first and only time Sparta would lose a major war, this one costing its very existence. Athens gained help from Persia to build a fleet better than the Spartan fleet of battleships. Antalcidas persuaded Artaxerxes II to agree to the King’s Peace or peace of Antalcidas. This was going to make Persia stop helping the other Greek states. The Persian king controlled it, however. This did eliminate many enemies though. Sparta fell in 371 B. C. The greatest warring state had been defeated by Thebes at Leuctra. In conclusion, Sparta had fallen for many reasons. First, its government was corrupt. Second, with all the inside disputes, people were fighting their own people. And last, they were overwhelmed by all the forces. Athens had gotten what they wanted-revenge. Sparta advanced the way humans see battle today. They made new types of weapons. They also made battle plans that humans used for centuries after that. They were also the first to dominate large amounts of land and to make a huge empire. The Spartans set guidelines as to how soldiers are to be raised. They also solved problems past civilizations had. Sparta was one of the most war-advanced civilizations that ever battled on the face of the earth. It was a forerunner of war, battle, and soldiers. All throughout history you can see bits and pieces of the Spartan war culture in many civilizations around the world. If you look closely, you can trace them back to Sparta, the land of the Spartans. Works Cited â€Å"Corinthian War. † Student Rsearch Center. Ebscohost, n. d. Web. 8 Oct. 2009. Durant, Will. The Life of Greece. New York: Simon and Shuster, 1939. N. pag. Print. Greece Travel Guide. â€Å"Sparta History. † Greece Travel. N. p. , 2009. Web. 7 Oct. 2009. â€Å"Hoplite. † Student Research Center. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Oct. 2009. Lazenby, J. â€Å"Sparta. † Middle Search Plus. N. p. , 1967. Web. 7 Oct. 2009. â€Å"Lysander. † Middle Search Plus. Columbia Encyclopedia, n. d. Web. 7 Oct. 2009. â€Å"Pausanias, Spartan general. † Columbia Encyclopedia. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Oct. 2009. â€Å"Peloponnesian War. † Ebsco Host. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Oct. 2009. â€Å"Persian Wars. † Primary Search. N. p. , n. d. Web. 7 Oct. 2009. â€Å"Sparta. † History World. N. p. , n. d. Web. 8 Oct. 2009. .